What is multiple myeloma?

By Jason Howland

Multiple myeloma is a relatively uncommon form of blood cancer that affects less than 1% of the U.S. population, according the American Cancer Society. People younger than 45 rarely get the disease, and it occurs more in older men than women. And your risk is doubled if you're African American.

Watch this "Mayo Clinic Minute" video to hear an explanation of multiple myeloma:

"Multiple myeloma is an incurable blood cancer that produces a lot of proteins that can cause damage to various organs, particularly the bones as well as the kidney," says Dr. Rahma Warsame, a Mayo Clinic hematologist.

Symptoms vary but can include fatigue, bone pain, anemia and frequent infections. While it's not clear what causes multiple myeloma, doctors know that it begins with an abnormal plasma cell in your bone marrow which produces too much protein inappropriately and multiplies rapidly.

The disease almost always starts as a relatively benign condition called monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, or MGUS.

"Much like a colon polyp is a premalignant condition, or that people have Pap smears for cervical cancer, MGUS is a premalignant condition. But it's only found in blood. It's when you find a little bit of excess protein that's in the blood. And this is something that indicates that you have the potential to become a multiple myeloma patient," says Dr. Warsame.

Like many other cancers, the disease can be treated with medication, chemotherapy, radiation and even bone marrow transplant.

"I want all myeloma patients to know that the treatments are improving. The quality of life is improving. I've seen it in my own lifetime, the significant improvements in survival," says Dr. Warsame. "And I really think it's important to know that our job is to treat your cancer, so you get to live and you don't have to live to treat your cancer."

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A version of this article was originally published on the Mayo Clinic News Network.

Learn more:

Learn more about multiple myeloma and find a multiple myeloma clinical trial at Mayo Clinic.

Join the Blood Cancers and Disorders Group on Mayo Clinic Connect or join a virtual Multiple Myeloma Sharing Session.